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Ulster loyalism is a political ideology found primarily among working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.〔Miller, David W.. ''Queen's Rebels: Ulster loyalism in historical perspective''. Gill and Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 0064948293〕〔Taylor, Peter. ''Loyalists''. Bloomsbury, 2000. ISBN 0747545197.〕 Most Ulster Protestants are descendants of migrants from Scotland and England. Like other unionists, loyalists are attached to the monarchy of the United Kingdom, support Northern Ireland remaining within the UK, and oppose a united Ireland. Ulster loyalism has been described as a kind of ethnic nationalism〔Ignatieff, Michael. ''Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism''. Vintage, 1994. p.184.〕 and "a variation of British nationalism".〔John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary. ''Explaining Northern Ireland''. Wiley, 1995. pp.92–93.〕 It is strongly associated with paramilitarism. Ulster loyalism emerged in the late 19th century, as a response to the Irish Home Rule movement, and the rise of Catholic Irish nationalism. Ulster, unlike other parts of Ireland, had been somewhat industrialised since the eighteenth century, and Belfast was heavily dependent on trade with the rest of the UK. Although most of Ireland was Catholic, in the province of Ulster, Protestants were the majority. Loyalism began as a self-determination movement among Ulster Protestants who did not want to become part of an autonomous Ireland. While some Irish Catholics were also unionist, loyalism emphasised Protestant heritage. The independence movement led to the partition of Ireland in 1921; most of Ireland left the UK to become a separate independent state, while about two-thirds of Ulster remained within the United Kingdom as a self-governing territory called Northern Ireland. Loyalists (and others) often use 'Ulster' as an alternative name for Northern Ireland. Since partition, most loyalists have supported upholding Northern Ireland's status as a country of the United Kingdom, i.e. unionism. Historically, the terms 'unionist' and 'loyalist' were often used interchangeably; however, since the resurgence of loyalist paramilitarism in the 1960s, a distinction between the two is made more often. The term 'loyalist' is now usually used to describe working class unionists who are willing to use, or tacitly support, paramilitary violence to defend the Union with Great Britain.〔Bruce, Steve. ''The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland''. Oxford University Press, 1992. p.15.〕〔Alan F. Parkinson (1998). ''Ulster loyalism and the British media''. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 1-85182-367-0〕〔(Glossary of terms on the Northern Ireland conflict ). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)〕 Loyalists are also described as being loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to the British government and institutions.〔Alison, Miranda. ''Women and Political Violence''. Routledge, 2009. p.67.〕 Garret FitzGerald argued that loyalists are loyal primarily to 'Ulster' rather than to 'the Union'.〔Cochrane, Fergal. ''Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism since the Anglo-Irish Agreement''. Cork University Press, 2001. p.39.〕 A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, believing that they cannot rely on the British government to prevent Irish reunification (see Ulster nationalism). In Northern Ireland there is a long tradition of militaristic loyalist Protestant marching bands. There are hundreds of such bands who hold numerous parades each year. The yearly Eleventh Night (11 July) bonfires and The Twelfth (12 July) parades are strongly associated with loyalism. ==Background== The term ''loyalist'' was first used in Irish politics in the 1790s to refer to Protestants who opposed Catholic Emancipation and Irish independence from Great Britain. Upon the partition of Ireland in 1921, six of the nine counties in the province of Ulster didn't join the new independent Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) and remained a part of the United Kingdom. Academically cited records from 1926 indicate that at that stage 33.5% of the Northern Ireland population was Roman Catholic, with 62.2% belonging to the three major Protestant denominations (Presbyterian 31.3%, Church of Ireland 27%, Methodist 3.0%).〔(CAIN: Background Information on Northern Ireland Society – Religion )〕 Tensions between Northern Ireland's Catholic population (which mostly supported Irish reunification) and its Protestant population (which almost unanimously supported remaining part of the UK) led to a long-running bloody conflict known as the Troubles from the late 1960s to the late 1990s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ulster loyalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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